Analytical Study of Selected Physicochemical
Characteristic of Surface and Underground Water Bodies At Ameri
and Its Surrounding Areas
Milan
Hait1*, Shivi Sharma1, Leena Sahu2 and Sangeeta
Sharma3
1Dept.
of Chemistry, Dr. C.V. Raman University,
2Dept.
of Pharmacy,
3Dept.
of Biotechnology, Dr. C.V. Raman University,
ABSTRACT:
Analytical studies of some selected
physicochemical parameter were made on the surface and underground water bodies
at Ameri village and its surrounding areas. Ameri village is situated 3 km away from the Bilaspur city, Chhattisgarh. Samples were collected in the
month of March’2010. Temperature, PH, E.C, TDS, D.O etc. were
analyzed instantly in the sampling spot while T.S, TSS, TH, Alkalinity, D.O,
BOD, COD, Cl−, SO42−,
NO3− were analyzed in the laboratory of pollution
Control Board, Bilaspur, C.G. It was observed that
temperature, TS, TDS, TSS, alkalinity, TH, BOD, COD, Cl−,
SO42− and NO3− have
higher value than maximum permissible limit of IS: 10500. The elevated values
of these parameters are of great concern to public health when the water from
these wells are consumed by people without treatment.
KEYWORDS: Physico-chemical parameter,
Surface water, Underground water
INTRODUCTION:
Water is the most essential commodity for
human consumption without it no life can exist. Water is the most abundant
substance on the earth’s surface which may be present as ice, liquid or vapour. Approximately 71% of the earth surface is covered
with water, mainly in the form of oceans. Around 2% of the water is present in
glacier and ice caps. The actual fresh water is available for human consumption
is around 1% of the total earth water. Ground and surface water used by man are
of different characteristics. Ground water contains dissolved minerals from the
soil layers through which it passes. Surface water contains a lot of organic
matter and mineral nutrients1-3. Domestic waste includes human
excreta, paper cloths, soap and detergents etc. these are the major part of
water pollutants. Uncontrolled dumping of wastes of rural areas, towns and
cities into the ponds, lake and stream of rivers, is being observed. Due to
accumulation of sewage and other wastes into the water resources this is no
longer remain recyclable; as a result their self regulatory capability is lost.
The decomposition of these wastes is largely on aerobic process which in turn
takes up more and more oxygen from water rendering it low oxygen content4-5.
Bilaspur city is the district head quarter of Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh. The average rain fall in
this area is 1220 mm. Ameri village is situated
western side of the
Many companies big small have their
manufacturing/ production units in an around Bilaspur.
The ancillary, allied and support industries have also bloomed and flourished
in the quest to meet the requirements of the changing times. However the last
decade has seen large scale unregulated urbanization and residential and
commercial expansion, over straining the water resources and generally defunct
civic amenities. Due to huge industrialization of Bilaspur
city and its surrounding air, water and soil are continuously polluted, so it
is necessary to analyze the extent of pollutant present in the water of this
area6.
MATERIAL
AND METHOD:
We have selected some ponds and bore wells
in Ameri village for our investigation. The analysis
was carried out by the standard protocol7-18 as mentioned below.
Sampling spots for water analysis were named as AP1, AP2,
AP3 (for pond water) and BW1, BW2 and BW3
(for bore well water). Water samples were collected in 2 lit Polyethylene
jerry canes previously soaked with 8M HNO3 and then cleaned with
detergent followed by rinsing with double distilled water. The collected water
samples were preserved in ice cooled chamber and kept in the dark room13-14.
The entire chemicals used in the analysis were LOBA/BDH grade. Double distilled
water was always used in the analysis and in all the solution preparation. All
the glassware were graduated and calibrated, manufactured by
The following parameters were analyzed using
standard procedures; Temperature, pH, E.C, T.S, TDS, TSS,
Alkalinity, D.O, BOD, COD, F−, Cl−,
SO42−, NO3− etc. Some
parameters like Temperature, PH, E.C, TDS, D.O etc. were analyzed
instantly in the sampling spot and the others were analyzed in the laboratory
of pollution Control Board, Bilaspur, C.G. The
results are tabulated in the table 1 below. Temperature, pH, E.C,
TDS and D.O were measured With Electronic India made nine parameter analyzer
kit (Model No.172). Total hardness was determined by complexometric
titration with standard EDTA as titrant in the
presence of EBT indicator. TS was determined by gravimetrically while TSS was
determined by subtracting TS and TDS. BOD was determined by incubation method
and COD was determined by reflux method. Cl−
was determined by AgNO3 titration method using K2Cr2O7
as indicator (Vogel and Bassett, 1978). SO42− and
NO3− were determined by spectrophotometrically
(HACH DR/2010,
RESULT
AND DISCUSSION:
Around the
Temperature: The temperatures were obtained
from 28oC to 29oC. This temperature range was three times
greater than their standard temperature 70C to 110C. The
high temperature causes the high speed chemical reactions and low solubility of
gaseous ion.
PH: The PH was obtained from 6.77 to
7.67. This range clearly indicates that the nature of water is slightly acidic
to slightly basic. This range is covered to the standard PH range
6.50 to 8.50 prescribed by the various water monitoring agencies like ICMR, WHO, APHA and IS:10500.
Electrical Conductivity: The value was
obtained from 1.16 to 1.69 in mho/cm. The maximum value was recorded on AP3
while minimum value was recorded on BW2. This value indicates
the maximum amounts of solid wastes are dissolve in sample water.
TS:
All water samples contain the TS value above the permissible level, 1500
mg/L as per IS: 10500. The maximum value was recorded on AP2, 2160
mg/L while 1661 mg/L was noted as the minimum value on the sampling spot BW2.
The high value of this parameter is due to dissolved solid materials.
TDS:
Its value was noted down from 1261 to 1961 mg/L as low and high value on
sampling spot BW3 and AP1 respectively.
TSS: Its value is depended on the value of
TS and TDS. The maximum, 519 mg/L and minimum value, 99 mg/L were noted on the
sampling spot BW3 and AP1 respectively.
Alkalinity:
The sampling spot AP1, BW1 and BW2
showed above the permissible value 600 mg/L. The cause of higher values is due
to dissolved of higher amount of OH− ions.
Total Hardness (TH): Its value was recorded from 521 Mg/L to 712
mg/L as low and high value on sampling spot BW3 and BW1
respectively. The higher values are due to impurities SO42−, Cl− ions of Ca2+, Mg2+,
Fe2+ etc.
D.O: The amount of D.O was found 2.8 mg/L to
4.0 mg/L as the minimum and maximum on BW3 and AP1
sampling spot. All water samples showed below the permissible limit as per IS:
10500, 5 mg/L. The low amount of oxygen in different collected water samples
may be the cause of higher temperature and various type of oxygen consumer
pollutant.
Table
1: water quality at Ameri
village
|
Parameter/ sampling spot |
Pond water |
Bore well water |
IS: 10500 Limit |
||||
|
AP1 |
AP2 |
AP3 |
BW1 |
BW2 |
BW3 |
||
|
Temperature |
28.7 |
28.6 |
28.5 |
29.0 |
28.9 |
28 |
|
|
PH |
7.60 |
7.67 |
7.61 |
6.42 |
6.77 |
6.80 |
6.5-8.5 |
|
Conductivity |
1.54 |
1.62 |
1.69 |
1.50 |
1.16 |
1.49 |
|
|
TS |
2060 |
2160 |
1963 |
1860 |
1661 |
1780 |
500-2000 |
|
TDS |
1961 |
1760 |
1862 |
1662 |
1340 |
1261 |
500-2000 |
|
TSS |
99 |
400 |
101 |
198 |
321 |
519 |
20-50 |
|
Alkalinity |
602 |
598 |
493 |
636 |
654 |
511 |
200-600 |
|
Total Hardness |
688 |
612 |
554 |
712 |
621 |
521 |
300-600 |
|
D.O |
4.0 |
3.80 |
3.1 |
2.9 |
3.1 |
2.8 |
5 |
|
B.O.D |
9.8 |
7.1 |
10.5 |
6.8 |
5.9 |
8.7 |
5 |
|
C.O.D |
10.05 |
12.01 |
14.05 |
13.50 |
11.11 |
12.05 |
10 |
|
F− |
1.45 |
1.00 |
1.23 |
1.35 |
1.21 |
1.29 |
0.5-1.5 |
|
Cl− |
441 |
1012 |
883 |
1121 |
1261 |
668 |
250-1000 |
|
SO42− |
161 |
293 |
205 |
301 |
402 |
251 |
200-400 |
|
NO3− |
42 |
61 |
79 |
58 |
67 |
54 |
45 |
BOD:
The BOD value was recorded in the range of 5.9 to 10.5 mg/L on BW2
and AP3 respectively. These water samples were showed above the
permissible limit prescribed by IS: 10500, 5mg/L. The conclusion after this
experiment arises that the aquatic life is not possible.
COD:
The COD range was noted from 10.05 mg/L to 14.05 mg/L on the sampling
spot AP1 and AP3 respectively. The high value may cause
the presence of high content of carbonaceous particle and suspended particles
in different water bodies.
F−: It was measured by
spectrophotometrically at 570 nm by preparing and comparing with standard
curve. The result of this parameter was obtained under desirable level 1to 1.5
mg/L on sampling spot AP2 and AP1 respectively.
Cl−: In our investigation, it was determined by titrimetric method. Some water samples were showed above
the permissible limit, 1000 mg/L such as AP2, BW1, BW2
while water sample AP1, AP3 and BW3 were
responded below the permissible limit , is mainly due to discharge of domestic
sewage and wastes in different water system.
SO42−: It was
detected by spectrometric method at 420 nm by preparing and comparing with
standard curve. 402 mg/L was noted down as maximum amount on sampling spot BW2
while the water sample of AP1 reported as minimum value, 161 mg/L.
NO3−: It was
detected by spectrophotometric method at 410 nm by
preparing and comparing with standard curve. 79 mg/L was noted down as maximum
amount (on sampling spot AP3) while 42 was minimum value (on
sampling spot AP1).
CONCLUSION:
The value of some physico-chemical
parameter (Temperature, PH, TS, TDS, TSS, alkalinity, Total
hardness, BOD, COD, Cl−, SO42−,
NO3− etc.) in the study of pond waters and bore
well waters is higher than the recommended limit is an indication of pollution
hazards. Both surface water and underground water are polluted.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The authors are grateful to Mr. S. K Verma, Junior Scientist and Mr. P. B. Patel,
Regional officer, Pollution Control Board, Bilaspur
for their kind help and providing research facilities to carry out the research
work.
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Received on 17.05.2011
Modified on 04.06.2011
Accepted on 10.06.2011
© A&V Publication all right reserved
Research J.
Science and Tech. 3(4): July-August. 2011:197-199